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1.
Vaccine X ; 14: 100318, 2023 Aug.
Статья в английский | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2327637

Реферат

Whilst there has been significant public health benefits associated with global use of COVID-19 spike protein vaccines, potential serious adverse events following immunization have been reported. Acute myocarditis is a rare complication of COVID19 vaccines and often it is self-limiting. We describe two cases experiencing recurrent myocarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccine despite a prior episode with full clinical recovery. Between September 2021-September 2022 we observed two male adolescents with recurrent myocarditis related to mRNA-based-COVID19 vaccine. During the first episode both patients presented with fever and chest pain few days after their second dose of BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine (Comirnaty®). The blood exams showed increased cardiac enzymes. In addition, complete viral panel was run, showing HHV7 positivity in a single case. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was normal at echocardiogram but cardiac magnetic resonance scanning (CMR) was consistent with myocarditis. They were treated with supportive treatment with full recovery. The 6 months follow-up demonstrated good clinical conditions with normal cardiological findings. The CMR showed persistent lesions in left ventricle 's wall with LGE. After some months the patients presented at emergency department with fever and chest pain and increased cardiac enzymes. No decreased LVEF was observed. The CMR showed new focal areas of edema in the first case report and stable lesions in the second one. They reached full recovery with normalization of cardiac enzymes after few days. These case reports outline the need of strict follow-up in patients with CMR consistent with myocarditis after mRNA-based-COVID19 vaccine. More efforts are necessary to depict the underlying mechanisms of myocarditis after SARS-CoV2 vaccination to understand the risk of relapsing and the long-term sequelae.

2.
Pediatr Infect Dis J ; 42(2): 166-171, 2023 02 01.
Статья в английский | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2190919

Реферат

BACKGROUND: Acute pericarditis/myocarditis is a rare complication of the mRNA-based vaccines and although mostly self-limiting, long-term sequelae remain unclear. METHODS: We enrolled all patients admitted to the emergency department between September 2021 and February 2022 meeting the CDC work case definition, with symptoms onset after mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine. Alternative virologic causes were excluded. Clinical data, laboratory values, cardiologic evaluation, electrocardiogram (ECG), and echocardiogram (ECHO) were collected on admission, at discharge, and during follow-up in all patients. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) was performed only in those with signs consistent with myocarditis. RESULTS: We observed 13 patients (11M and 2F), median age 15 years, affected by acute pericarditis/myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination (11 after Comirnaty® and 2 after Spikevax®). Symptoms'onset occurred at a median of 5 days (range, 1 to 41 days) after receiving mRNA vaccine (13 Prizer 2 Moderna): 4 patients (31%) after the 1st dose, 6 (46%) after the 2nd, and 3 (23%) after 3rd dose. Increased levels of high-sensitive troponin T (hsTnT) (median 519,5 ng/mL) and N-terminal-pro hormone BNP (NT-proBNP) (median 268 pg/mL) and pathognomonic ECG and ECHO abnormalities were detected. On admission, 7 of 13 (54%) presented with myopericarditis, 3 (23%) with myocarditis, and 3 (23%) with pericarditis; CMR was performed in 5 patients upon pediatric cardiologist prescription and findings were consistent with myocarditis. At 12 weeks of follow-up, all but one patient (92%), still presenting mild pericardial effusion at ECHO, were asymptomatic with normal hsTnT and NT-proBNP levels and ECG. On CMR 6 of 9 patients showed persistent, although decreased, myocardial injury. Higher hsTnT levels on admission significantly correlated with persistent CMR lesions. CONCLUSION: Evidence of persistent CMR lesions highlights the need for a close and standardized follow-up for those patients who present high hsTnT levels on admission.


Тема - темы
COVID-19 Vaccines , COVID-19 , Myocarditis , Pericarditis , Adolescent , Child , Humans , COVID-19/diagnosis , COVID-19/prevention & control , COVID-19/complications , COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/adverse effects , Myocarditis/diagnosis , Myocarditis/etiology , Pericarditis/diagnosis , Pericarditis/etiology , Troponin , Vaccination/adverse effects
3.
Pediatr Blood Cancer ; 69(11): e29919, 2022 11.
Статья в английский | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1999899

Реферат

The hyper-inflammatory response, also known as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), represents a major concern in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection. We report bone marrow features of three patients with MIS-C who were diagnosed during the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. A bone marrow evaluation was performed at onset of the inflammatory condition in order to exclude secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH). The bone marrows of the patients presented common features: the erythroid and megakaryocytic lineages were prominently affected and hemophagocytosis was moderately increased, differently than observed in sHLH. Megakaryocytopoiesis was increased, representing a peculiar feature of MIS-C differing from sHLH. SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR and viral panel were studied in bone marrow aspiration samples. MIS-C is a rare complication of SARS-CoV-2 infections in children. An immuno-dysregulation considering both innate and adaptive immunity together with vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction play a major role. Our observations, although limited due to the small sample size, suggest that there are unique features in the bone marrow of patients with MIS-C that are likely secondary to immuno-dysregulation, and there are notable differences in bone marrow features compared to those reported in sHLH.


Тема - темы
COVID-19 , Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic , Bone Marrow , COVID-19/complications , Child , Humans , Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/etiology , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2 , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
4.
Vaccines (Basel) ; 10(7)2022 Jul 16.
Статья в английский | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1939057

Реферат

The SARS-CoV-2 vaccine roll-out has been successful around the world. However, there are increasing concerns about adverse events. We report two pediatric cases of Multisystem-Inflammatory-Syndrome (MIS-C) with neurological involvement that occurred after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and unknown recent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Brain magnetic resonance revealed mild-encephalopathy with reversible-splenial-lesion in both cases and complete resolution within 4 weeks. In conclusion, this report aims to describe rare emerging clinical entities that can help pediatricians to make an early diagnosis and to provide appropriate treatment. Multisystem-Inflammatory-Syndromes following COVID-19 vaccination remain rare events. When a history of a recent contact with SARS-CoV-2 is present, a careful evaluation by the clinicians in charge of immunization activities is suggested prior to proceeding with the vaccination.

5.
Vaccines (Basel) ; 10(7)2022 Jul 11.
Статья в английский | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1928705

Реферат

Patients affected by Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) present higher risk for infection and suboptimal response upon vaccination. The immunogenicity of SARS-CoV2 vaccination is still largely unknown in adolescents or young adults affected by IBD (pIBD). We investigated the safety and immunogenicity of the BNT162B2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in 27 pIBD, as compared to 30 healthy controls (HC). Immunogenicity was measured by anti-SARS-CoV2 IgG (anti-S and anti-trim Ab) before vaccination, after 21 days (T21) and 7 days after the second dose (T28). The safety profile was investigated by close monitoring and self-reported adverse events. Vaccination was well tolerated, and short-term adverse events reported were only mild to moderate. Three out of twenty-seven patients showed IBD flare after vaccination, but no causal relationship could be established. Overall, pIBD showed a good humoral response upon vaccination compared to HC; however, pIBD on anti-TNFα treatment showed lower anti-S Ab titers compared to patients receiving other immune-suppressive regimens (p = 0.0413 at first dose and p = 0.0301 at second dose). These data show that pIBD present a good safety and immunogenicity profile following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Additional studies on the impact of specific immune-suppressive regimens, such as anti TNFα, on immunogenicity should be further investigated on larger cohorts.

6.
Front Immunol ; 13: 891274, 2022.
Статья в английский | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1924105

Реферат

We described the case of a patient affected by activated PI3K-kinase delta syndrome (APDS) and a long-lasting and pauci-symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, treated with multiple therapeutic agents including remdesivir and SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. We detected the clearance of the virus 105 days from the first positive swab and 7 days after monoclonal antibody administration. At genotyping, the SARS-CoV-2 virus resulted as wild type on all samples tested. This case shows the monoclonal antibodies' good tolerability and efficacy in reducing viral shedding in long-lasting infections refractory to other treatments.


Тема - темы
COVID-19 Drug Treatment , Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use , Antibodies, Viral , Humans , SARS-CoV-2 , Virus Shedding
8.
Front Immunol ; 12: 727850, 2021.
Статья в английский | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1477821

Реферат

Mass SARS-Cov-2 vaccination campaign represents the only strategy to defeat the global pandemic we are facing. Immunocompromised patients represent a vulnerable population at high risk of developing severe COVID-19 and thus should be prioritized in the vaccination programs and in the study of the vaccine efficacy. Nevertheless, most data on efficacy and safety of the available vaccines derive from trials conducted on healthy individuals; hence, studies on immunogenicity of SARS-CoV2 vaccines in such populations are deeply needed. Here, we perform an observational longitudinal study analyzing the humoral and cellular response following the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in a cohort of patients affected by inborn errors of immunity (IEI) compared to healthy controls (HC). We show that both IEI and HC groups experienced a significant increase in anti-SARS-CoV-2 Abs 1 week after the second scheduled dose as well as an overall statistically significant expansion of the Ag-specific CD4+CD40L+ T cells in both HC and IEI. Five IEI patients did not develop any specific CD4+CD40L+ T cellular response, with one of these patients unable to also mount any humoral response. These data raise immunologic concerns about using Ab response as a sole metric of protective immunity following vaccination for SARS-CoV-2. Taken together, these findings suggest that evaluation of vaccine-induced immunity in this subpopulation should also include quantification of Ag-specific T cells.


Тема - темы
Antibodies, Viral/blood , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology , Immunogenicity, Vaccine/immunology , Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases/immunology , SARS-CoV-2/immunology , Adolescent , Adult , Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood , Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , BNT162 Vaccine , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , COVID-19/prevention & control , Female , Humans , Immunity, Cellular/immunology , Immunity, Humoral/immunology , Immunocompromised Host/immunology , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Middle Aged , Vaccination , Young Adult
9.
Pediatr Allergy Immunol ; 32(8): 1833-1842, 2021 11.
Статья в английский | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1282025

Реферат

BACKGROUND: Although SARS-CoV-2 immunizations have started in most countries, children are not currently included in the vaccination programs; thus, it remains crucial to define their anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune response in order to minimize the risk for other epidemic waves. This study sought to provide a description of the virology ad anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity in children with distinct symptomatology. METHODS: Between March and July 2020, we recruited 15 SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic (AS) and 51 symptomatic (SY) children, stratified according to WHO clinical classification. We measured SARS-CoV-2 viral load using ddPCR and qPCR in longitudinally collected nasopharyngeal swab samples. To define anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, we measured neutralization activity and total IgG load (DiaSorin). We also evaluated antigen-specific B and CD8+T cells, using a labeled S1+S2 protein and ICAM expression, respectively. Plasma protein profiling was performed with Olink. RESULTS: Virological profiling showed that AS patients had lower viral load at diagnosis (p = .004) and faster virus clearance (p = .0002) compared with SY patients. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 humoral and cellular response did not appear to be associated with the presence of symptoms. AS and SY patients showed similar titers of SARS-CoV-2 IgG, levels of neutralizing activity, and frequency of Ag-specific B and CD8+ T cells, whereas pro-inflammatory plasma protein profile was found to be associated with symptomatology. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 humoral and cellular response with any regard to symptomatology, suggesting the ability of both SY and AS patients to contribute toward herd immunity. The virological profiling of AS patients suggested that they have lower virus load associated with faster virus clearance.


Тема - темы
COVID-19 , Antibodies, Viral/blood , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , COVID-19/immunology , Child , Humans , Immunoglobulin G/blood , SARS-CoV-2 , Serologic Tests
10.
Cell Rep ; 34(11): 108852, 2021 03 16.
Статья в английский | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1135278

Реферат

As the global COVID-19 pandemic progresses, it is paramount to gain knowledge on adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in children to define immune correlates of protection upon immunization or infection. We analyzed anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and their neutralizing activity (PRNT) in 66 COVID-19-infected children at 7 (±2) days after symptom onset. Individuals with specific humoral responses presented faster virus clearance and lower viral load associated with a reduced in vitro infectivity. We demonstrated that the frequencies of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+CD40L+ T cells and Spike-specific B cells were associated with the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and the magnitude of neutralizing activity. The plasma proteome confirmed the association between cellular and humoral SARS-CoV-2 immunity, and PRNT+ patients show higher viral signal transduction molecules (SLAMF1, CD244, CLEC4G). This work sheds lights on cellular and humoral anti-SARS-CoV-2 responses in children, which may drive future vaccination trial endpoints and quarantine measures policies.


Тема - темы
Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , COVID-19/immunology , Adaptive Immunity/immunology , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , COVID-19/virology , Child , Humans , Immunity, Humoral/immunology , Proteome/immunology , SARS-CoV-2/immunology , Signal Transduction/immunology , Viral Load/immunology
11.
Ital J Pediatr ; 46(1): 180, 2020 Dec 07.
Статья в английский | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-963305

Реферат

BACKGROUND: Lately, one of the major clinical and public health issues has been represented by Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) during pregnancy and the risk of transmission of the infection from mother to child. Debate on perinatal management and postnatal care is still ongoing, principally questioning the option of the joint management of mother and child after birth and the safety of breastfeeding. According to the available reports, neonatal COVID-19 appears to have a horizontal transmission and seems to be paucisymptomatic or asymptomatic, compared to older age groups. The aim of this work is to describe a cluster of neonatal COVID-19 and discuss our experience, with reference to current evidence on postnatal care and perinatal management. METHODS: This is a retrospective observational case series of five mother-child dyads, who attended the Labor and Delivery Unit of a first-level hospital in Italy, in March 2020. Descriptive statistics for continuous variables consisted of number of observations, mean and the range of the minimum and maximum values. RESULTS: Five women and four neonates tested positive for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In one case, the mother-child dyad was separated and the neonate remained negative on two consecutive tests. Two positive neonates developed symptoms, with a predominant involvement of the gastrointestinal tract. Blood tests were unremarkable, except for a single patient who developed mild neutropenia. No complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: We agree that the decision on whether or not to separate a positive/suspected mother from her child should be made on an individual basis, taking into account the parent's will, clinical condition, hospital logistics and the local epidemiological situation. In conformity with literature, in our study, affected neonates were asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic. Despite these reassuring findings, a few cases of severe presentation in the neonatal population have been reported. Therefore, we agree on encouraging clinicians to monitor the neonates with a suspected or confirmed infection.


Тема - темы
COVID-19/therapy , COVID-19/transmission , Disease Transmission, Infectious , Mothers , Postnatal Care , Adult , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19 Testing , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Italy/epidemiology , Male , Pandemics , Retrospective Studies , SARS-CoV-2
13.
Cell ; 183(4): 968-981.e7, 2020 11 12.
Статья в английский | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-746088

Реферат

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is typically very mild and often asymptomatic in children. A complication is the rare multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with COVID-19, presenting 4-6 weeks after infection as high fever, organ dysfunction, and strongly elevated markers of inflammation. The pathogenesis is unclear but has overlapping features with Kawasaki disease suggestive of vasculitis and a likely autoimmune etiology. We apply systems-level analyses of blood immune cells, cytokines, and autoantibodies in healthy children, children with Kawasaki disease enrolled prior to COVID-19, children infected with SARS-CoV-2, and children presenting with MIS-C. We find that the inflammatory response in MIS-C differs from the cytokine storm of severe acute COVID-19, shares several features with Kawasaki disease, but also differs from this condition with respect to T cell subsets, interleukin (IL)-17A, and biomarkers associated with arterial damage. Finally, autoantibody profiling suggests multiple autoantibodies that could be involved in the pathogenesis of MIS-C.


Тема - темы
Coronavirus Infections/pathology , Pneumonia, Viral/pathology , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/pathology , Autoantibodies/blood , Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification , COVID-19 , Child , Child, Preschool , Coronavirus Infections/complications , Coronavirus Infections/virology , Cytokines/metabolism , Female , Humans , Immunity, Humoral , Infant , Male , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/complications , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/immunology , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/pathology , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral/complications , Pneumonia, Viral/virology , Principal Component Analysis , Proteome/analysis , SARS-CoV-2 , Severity of Illness Index , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/etiology , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/immunology , T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology , T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology , T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
14.
J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc ; 9(3): 366-369, 2020 Jul 13.
Статья в английский | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-681735

Реферат

We evaluated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA clearance in 22 children. The estimation of positivity at day 14 was 52% for nasopharyngeal swab and 31% for stool samples. These data underline the significance of nasopharyngeal and stoolsample for detecting infected children. Additional studies are needed for transmissibility.


Тема - темы
Betacoronavirus , Coronavirus Infections/virology , Pneumonia, Viral/virology , Virus Shedding , COVID-19 , Child , Child, Preschool , Coronavirus Infections/transmission , Feces/virology , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Italy/epidemiology , Male , Nasopharynx/virology , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral/transmission , RNA, Viral/metabolism , SARS-CoV-2 , Time Factors
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